class Int is Cool does Real { ... }
Int objects store integral numbers of arbitrary size. Ints are immutable.
There are two main syntax forms for Int literals
123 # Int in decimal notation :16<BEEF> # Int in radix notations
Both forms allow underscores between any two digits which can serve as visual separators, but don't carry any meaning:
5_00000 # five Lakhs 500_000 # five hundred thousand
multi sub chr(Int:D ) returns Str:D multi method chr(Int:D:) returns Str:D
Returns a one-character string, by interpreting the integer as a Unicode codepoint number and converting it the corresponding character.
multi sub infix:<div>(Int:D, Int:D) returns Int:D
Does an integer division, rounded down.
multi sub expmod (Int:D: Int $y, Int $mod) returns Int:D multi method expmod (Int:D: Int $y, Int $mod) returns Int:D
Returns the given Int raised to the $y power within modulus $mod.
multi sub is-prime (Int:D: Int $tries = 100) returns Bool:D multi method is-prime (Int:D: Int $tries = 100) returns Bool:D
Returns True if this Int is known to be a prime, or is likely to be a prime based on a probabalistic Miller-Rabin test. $tries is the maximal number of iterations the test is allowed to do.
Returns False if this Int is known not to be a prime.
Full-size type graph image as SVGInt does role Real, which provides the following methods:
method Rat(Real:D: Real $epsilon = 1e-6)
Converts the number to a Rat with the precision $epsilon.
sub term:<rand> returns Num:D method rand(Real:D:) returns Real:D
Returns a pseudo-random number between zero and the number.
The term form returns a pseudo-random Num between 0e0 and 1e0.
method sign(Real:D:)
Returns -1 if the number is negative, 0 if it is zero and 1 otherwise.
method round(Real:D: $scale = 1)
Rounds the number to scale $scale. If $scale is 1, rounds to an integer. If scale is 0.1, rounds to one digit after the comma etc.
method floor(Real:D) returns Int:D
Return the largest integer not greater than the number.
method ceiling(Real:D) returns Int:D
Returns the smallest integer not less than the number.
method truncate(Real:D) returns Int:D
Rounds the number towards zero.
method base(Real:D: Int:D $base where 2..36) returns Str:D
Converts the number to a string, using $base as base. For $base larger than ten, capital latin letters are used.
255.base(16) # 'FF'
Int inherits from class Any, which provides the following methods:
multi method ACCEPTS(Any:D: Mu $other)
Returns True if $other === self (ie it checks object identity).
Interprets the invocant as a list and creates an any-Junction from it.
Interprets the invocant as a list and creates an all-Junction from it.
Interprets the invocant as a list and creates an one-Junction from it.
Interprets the invocant as a list and creates an none-Junction from it.
Int inherits from class Mu, which provides the following methods:
multi sub defined(Mu) returns Bool:D multi method defined() returns Bool:D
Returns False on the type object, and True otherwise.
multi sub Bool(Mu) returns Bool:D multi method Bool() returns Bool:D
Returns False on the type object, and True otherwise.
multi method Str() returns Str
Returns a string representation of the invocant, intended to be machine readable.
multi sub gist(Mu) returns Str multi method gist() returns Str
Returns a string representation of the invocant, optimized for fast recognition by humans.
The default gist method in Mu re-dispatches to the perl method, but many built-in classes override it to something more specific.
multi sub perl(Mu) returns Str multi method perl() returns Str
Returns a Perlish representation of the object (i.e., can usually be reparsed to regenerate the object).
method clone(*%twiddles)
Creates a shallow clone of the invocant. If named arguments are passed to it, their values are used in every place where an attribute name matches the name of a named argument.
multi method new(*%attrinit)
Default method for constructing (create + initialize) new objects of a class. This method expects only named arguments which are then used to initialize attributes with accessors of the same name.
Classes may provide their own new method to override this default.
method bless(Mu $candidate, *%attrinit) returns Mu:D
Lower-level object construction method than new.
If you pass a Whatever as a candidate, it creates a new object of the same type as the invocant, and then uses the named arguments to initialize attributes.
If you pass something other than a Whatever object as a candidate, it simply does the attribute initialization on the $candidate.
In both cases, the object with the attributes initialized is returned.
You can use this method when writing custom constructors:
class Point {
has $.x;
has $.y;
multi method new($x, $y) {
self.bless(:$x, :$y);
}
}
my $p = Point.new(-1, 1);
(Though each time you write a custom constructor, remember that it makes subclassing harder).
method CREATE() returns Mu:D
Allocates a new object of the same type as the invocant, without initializating any attributes.
multi method print() returns Bool:D
Prints value to $*OUT after stringification using .Str method without newline at end.
multi method say() returns Bool:D
Prints value to $*OUT after stringification using .gist method with newline at end.
multi method ACCEPTS(Mu:U: $other)
Performs a type check. Returns True if $other conforms to the invocant (which is always a type object or failure).
This is the method that is triggered on smart-matching against type objects, for example in if $var ~~ Int { ... }.
multi method WHICH() returns ObjAt:D
Returns an object of type ObjAt which uniquely identifies the object. Value types override this method which makes sure that two equivalent objects return the same return value from WHICH.